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achieved and can indirectly symbolise the identity of a race or nation. Istana Jahar design is a combination
of two influences from the East and West. Western influences are evident in the porch roof at the front
(FAE, 2021; Rashid et al., 2013) (Figure 5).

Figure 4 Figure 5
Jahar/Johar tree and flower Porch

Istana Jahar Architectural Background

The palace has a pentagon-shaped porte-cochère with a first-floor balcony (Figure 7) from which
members of the royal family could watch ceremonies held in front of the palace. The columns that support
Istana Jahar are cylindrical, in contrast to the columns of Malay houses, which are usually squares. Istana
Jahar was built in a rectangular shape with two floors. Each floor has the same area and is connected by
two staircases located at the corners of the back of the palace. The palace is constructed of a wooden
structure with highly polished tropical hardwood floors, wall panels, and intricately carved details.

Figure 6 Figure 7
Combination of design Cylindrical columns

Another architectural element of the palace that can be clearly observed from the outside is the

panca persada (gazebo) (Figure 8). Panca persada was built using a wooden structure in the form of five
hexagons, seven levels, and steps to the top for the ceremony of persiraman (royal bath). The platform
may be viewed from the outside of the Istana, and the carving demonstrates the Kelantanese royal
identity. Panca persada is a place where the prince or princess cleanses and bathes for circumcision and
marriage ceremonies. It was built not far from the well in the palace area to facilitate transporting water.

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