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informal, and unregulated interactions. The concept of home is commonly referred to as the initial setting
that provides individuals with a domestic atmosphere conducive to leisure. However, it is important to
acknowledge that the upkeep of a home necessitates both effort and financial investment.

According to Woldoff et al. (2013), the work environment might be considered as a "second place"
where productive outcomes are generated. According to Alidoust et al., (2015), the purpose of
constructing the third place is to enhance the overall well-being of local communities and facilitate the
development of social connections. Social space serves as a platform for fostering relationships and
facilitating physical exercise through voluntary community engagement (Urry, 2001). Moreover, the
concept of the third place contributes to the equilibrium of individuals' lives by facilitating the cultivation
of self-awareness through social interactions within the community, subsequent to the fulfilment of
primary responsibilities in the realms of employment and familial roles (Oldenburg, 1999; Williams & Hipp,
2019). The third place serves as a means of alleviating stress for individuals, providing a respite from the
daily pressures associated with both domestic and professional responsibilities. Participating in
community activities fosters a sense of engagement. Furthermore, it promotes the development of local
political dedication to the community through the means of public conversation (Jeffres et al., 2009).
Public areas in traditional settlements encompass a variety of elements, such as markets, gazebo
and sitting areas (benches), mosques and musolla (little prayer rooms), stalls, and open grass fields.
According to Rakhshandehroo et al., (2015), these places serve not just social purposes but also have
indirect positive effects on the environment and the economy, suggesting social sustainability. Social
spaces in the context of the traditional settlement are extensively utilised as venues for daily, seasonal and
annual activities such as communal gatherings and the contemplation of religious and political matters
(Ariffin, 2007). The diverse range of social spaces can yield enhanced advantages and foster a heightened
sense of community inclusion and positive social capital development, resulting in the manifestation of
social sustainability – refer to Figure 1.

Figure 1

The Relation of Social Capital and Social Sustainability

Methodology

Study Area

Kampung Pulau Duyong is well-known as a fisherman village established in the late 16th century.
Kampung Pulau Duyong is only 2.7 km wide and is an island located in the estuary of the river Terengganu,
which is referred to as the "tounge" of the State of Terengganu. This settlement is located 6.8 km from

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