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uniform. In other words, there is evidence to suggest that there is a significant difference in preferences
for/in the formation of idea and themes of interaction in this contentious scenario among the different
ii
racial groups. The hypothesis proposed that the concept of 'budi' can function as a cultural bridge in
multi-racial societies, cultivating understanding and harmony by emphasizing shared values of respect,
thereby enabling each ethnic group to interact in a balanced manner. The evidence from the analysis also
yields that the varying themes among different groups, and the influence of contextual factors It is
imbalanced, with only specific themes and ethnic groups dominating in social contention, particularly in
this case.

From the overall findings, we understand that the dominant theme in the interactions in social
tensions among communities is largely based on the concept of 'budi' discipline. However, when a more
in-depth analysis is conducted, we find significant differences among ethnic groups in how they handle
differences of opinion.

Conclusion and Discussion

The result above represent the findings from just one case as a simulation of how the concept of
'budi' plays a role in social tensions. This analysis applied an innovative method that takes into account
quantitative elements. To gain a deeper understanding of this matter, we need to comprehend the nature
of the themes that emerge. The findings also inform us that the dominant ethnic group demonstrates
high 'budi' discipline in managing social contention. From here, we can further examine the actual
composition of interactions experienced in relation to social tensions. In general, from this study, we
have found that the discipline or core of 'budi' exists. However, when analyzed more deeply, there is no
guarantee that the concept of 'budi' is practiced. From these findings, it appears that the Malay ethnic
group tends to prioritize 'budi' and demonstrates gentleness during interactions, while other groups
exhibit a more provocative nature in disputes, particularly in this case. This implies that the concept of
'budi' is mainly synonymous with the Malay ethnic group, despite being sown with hostility, as Malays
tend to prioritize long-term effects and harmony. However, there are many other questions that can and
should be raised from this result, such as the role of 'budi' compared to the rights, how 'budi' can and
should serve as a pillar of discipline for the entire Malaysian society and whether being “terlalu berbudi”
(too courteous) is actually burdens the Malays, which might be contrary to the essence of 'budi' itself.

These are some of the questions that must be considered and explored for future research. We
are agreed with the statement from Vicari (2013), on social media and contention, “how much social
media can help with making countries more democratic is a big topic in sociology when discussing global
activism with multiple centers. It is also difficult to measure exactly how using social media affects the
results of extra institutional activities, but studying how social media is becoming a part of this
environments can give us valuable insights.” This study is one simple innovative approach to understand
this phenomenon. There are many other methods and approaches that can be explored to gain a better
understanding of this matter. Exploring different methodologies and approaches can provide a more
comprehensive and nuanced understanding of complex issues like the concept of 'budi' and social
contention. It is important to look up and appreciate a wide range of approaches and perspectives to gain
a deeper and more well-rounded understanding of complex topics. It is undeniably crucial that addressing
matters of 'budi' is of utmost importance. This serves as the foundation for an individual's morality, which
can be nurtured through proper upbringing (Zainuddin, 2021). In this regard, the example of moral and

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