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i The value of N can vary. Researchers need to consider the appropriateness, for instance; for larger texts,
the value of N can be increased, even up to N=100. It should be adjusted based on the meaning one is
intended to explore.
ii In this analysis, category for “overall” has been exclude to avoid confusion. This is because the “overall”
estimation is actually the whole words network combined.
iii He was in office from 1 July 1896 to 4 November 1901.
iv The evidence of Frank Swettenham being the originator of the Federation of the Malay States was a
bundle of paper in his handwriting pertaining the subject matter of the Federation of the five Malay States
– Perak, Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Sungei Ujong, dated 25 January 1893.

v The manuscript for the current call number is 2006/0037561 SP.12/71 is originally item number 112. It
is a manuscript and typescript of a grant of three months leave with full salary to Frank Swettenham and
statement of leave taken during his 32 years of service, dated 12 October 1903. This folder is regarding
Frank Swettenham’s 1903 leave. The Executive Council of the Straits Settlements has granted Frank
Swettenham three months leave from 13 October 1903 to 12 January 1904 with the full salary 5000
Sterling Pounds per annum as Governor of the Straits Settlements up to 12 October 1903. Dated 12
October 1903. Frank Swettenham is on the Straits Settlements payroll. Frank Swettenham has been in
the service of the colony for 32 years, 9 months and 9 days up to 12 October 1903.

There are seven times prior that Frank Swettenham has been on leave

1. 26 June 1877 to 26 April 1878; 10 months 1 day
2. 9 May 1886 to 25 April 1887; 11 months 17 days
3. 6 june 1890 to 20 June 1890; 23 days
4. 10 January 1892 to 16 January 1893; 11 months 29 days
5. 25 December 1895 to 24 June 1896; 6 months
6. 5 January 1898 to 16 April 1898; 3 months 12 days
7. 7 October 1900 to 16 February 1901; 4 months 10 days
8. 13 October 1903 to 12 January 1904; 3 months

vi the first train that drew out port Swettenham was named " Sir FA Swettenham." The port is busy and
productive. As written in a letter from Dato Douglas to Frank Swettenham dated 30 march 1904.
2006/0037598 S.P. 12/ 112. Item 47.
vii Labour Commission 1890-1. H.S. Barlow. “Swettenham- Schemer and Historian.” Journal of the
Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Vol. 69 Pt 2. No. 271. December 1996. Page 89.
viii Frank Swettenham, British Malaya: An Account of the Origin and Progress of British Influence in Malaya,
new and rev. Ed. (London: George Allen Unwin Ltd, 1955), v.
ix Ernest Chew, Sir Frank Swettenham’s Malayan Career Up To 1896. (Thesis) University of Singapore.
1966. Page 22.
x His notable friendships were with Sultan Idris Murshidul Azzam Shah ibni al-Marhum Raja Bandahara
Alang Iskandar Teja, Sultan Abdul Samad of Selangor, and Sultan Sir Alauddin Sulaiman Shah (1898 to
1938).
xi Frank Swettenham was one of the translators for the Pangkor Engagement 20 January 1874. Frank
Swettenham, Footprints in Malaya (London: Hutchinson, 1942), 33.
xii Frank Swettenham was the second Resident of Perak from 5 November 1875 to March 1876 and the
fifth Resident of Perak from June 1889 to 30 June 1896.

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